The Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) set the guidelines for the treatment of diabetic macularedema (DME). Since that time, the standard of treatment for diabetic macular edema has been glycemic control as demonstrated by the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT), optimal blood pressure control as demonstrated by the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS), and macular focal/grid laser photocoagulation. In ETDRS, laser photocoagulation reduced the risk of moderate visual loss from diabetic macular edema by 50% (from 24% to 12% 3 years after initiation of treatment). Nevertheless, some patients suffer permanent visual loss even after intensive treatment.
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